We push the boundary of what mobility data can do
The best mobility technology in the world shouldn’t sit on a shelf
Enoda was founded to turn that work into a product — so the data can finally reach the people who need it.
Brought to you by the leaders of the groundbreaking Mobilise-D study
- Algorithm development & technical validation complete
- Two letters of support from the EMA
- Data capture for c. 2,400 participants in clinical validation complete
- SUSTAIN Mobilise-D launched
- Construct validity results
- Ability to detect change
- Predictive capacity
Three beliefs shape every decision we make
Measuring it accurately and in real-world settings can provide data that is highly relevant and clinically meaningful.
Our methods and technology are designed with one goal in mind – generate the highest quality data for your study.
We always strive to get a deep understanding of users (participants, clinicians, data scientists, sponsors, etc.) and incorporate their needs in our work.
Scientists, engineers & clinicians — many from Mobilise-D itself
Read the work behind the product
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Construct Validity Supported for Multiple DMOs
A recent webinar hosted by members of the Mobilise-D consortium revealed that construct validity was… Read More
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How Real-World Mobility Data Can Improve Pharma R&D Productivity
Productivity in biopharmaceutical R&D is driven by a combination of effectiveness (doing the right things)… Read More
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Why Mobility is the 6th Vital Sign
Walking is something most of us take for granted. That belies the fact that it… Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
A DMO is a measurement of how someone walks and moves in daily life, calculated from a wearable sensor. The Mobilise-D consortium defined 24 DMOs covering two domains: walking activity (such as daily step count, number and duration of walking bouts) and gait (such as walking speed, cadence, stride length, and bout-to-bout variability). Together they describe both how much and how well a person walks. Further details on the DMOs, how they are calculated and how they were validated are available in our white paper ‘How to Measure Mobility in the Real World’.
The lower back sits close to the body’s centre of mass, which gives the cleanest signal for whole-body movement. A single device in this position captures stride characteristics, turns, and walking patterns more reliably than a wrist or ankle sensor. Mobilise-D’s entire validation programme used a single waist-worn IMU, and participants rated the device as comfortable and easy to live with across a week or more of continuous wear.
Mobilise-D was a five-year European research consortium (2019 to 2024), part-funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative (Home – Mobilise-D). More than 300 scientists and clinicians across 34 institutions built the algorithms, ran the trials, and secured the regulatory support to make real-world mobility measurement work.
Enoda was founded to bring that technology to bear in clinical trials and clinical care. Several of our co-founders held key roles in the consortium: Lynn Rochester was the Academic Lead and Brian Caulfield led the data management workstream and is academic lead of the follow-on SUSTAIN Mobilise-D project. Silvia Del Din led the algorithm development workstream and Hugo Hiden was the architect of the data capture platform used in the study. David Singleton designed the integrated data capture solution for the Technical and Clinical Validation Studies, while Alison Keogh was the Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement lead. Paul Watson contributed senior data infrastructure expertise and Felix Kluge played a key role in algorithm development.
Mobility data is not a diagnostic tool. It is a monitoring biomarker: it tracks how a person’s physical function changes over time once a condition has been identified. That said, walking speed has been has been referred to as the sixth vital sign, and large pooled studies have shown it predicts survival in older adults about as accurately as age, sex, and chronic disease history combined. Within Mobilise-D, DMOs were tested as predictors of disability progression, falls, hospitalisation, nursing home admission, and mortality across four disease cohorts.
Which health conditions has Mobilise-D validated DMOs for?
The Mobilise-D Clinical Validation Study enrolled 2,388 participants across four cohorts: 602 people with Parkinson’s disease, 602 with multiple sclerosis, 612 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 572 recovering from a hip fracture. Recruitment ran across 17 sites in 10 European countries. The earlier Technical Validation Study additionally included people with congestive heart failure and healthy older adults as a comparison group.
In the Mobilise-D Technical Validation Study, walking speed estimated from a single waist-worn sensor matched a multi-sensor laboratory reference system with a mean absolute error between 0.09 and 0.13 metres per second in real-world conditions. Agreement (intraclass correlation) ranged from moderate to good across cohorts. Accuracy is higher for longer walking bouts and for people without severe gait impairment
The Mobilise-D protocol asks participants to wear a single sensor on their lower back for seven days of normal daily life, secured by an elastic belt or an adhesive patch. They do not need to do anything special: just go about their week. The length of time required for a valid assessment varies by DMO, but generally requires at least 12 hours of wear time per day over 3 + days (see Buekers et al., 2025). More details can be found in our white paper ‘How to Measure Mobility in the Real World’. When patients in the technical validation study were asked, they rated the device near the best end of comfort and acceptability scales.
Mobilise-D worked towards formal regulatory qualification of DMOs as monitoring biomarkers in clinical trials. The European Medicines Agency has issued positive qualification advice on the methodology in two separate submissions, and the FDA has been engaged through early dialogue including a pre-Letter of Intent for multiple sclerosis. Full qualification opinion still requires additional evidence from randomised clinical trials. On the product side, Enoda’s platform is being developed as Software as a Medical Device under IEC 62304 and ISO 13485.
Patient and public involvement was built into Mobilise-D from the start. A dedicated Patient and Public Advisory Group helped co-design the clinical validation study protocol and reviewed all patient-facing materials. Acceptability of the waist-worn device was formally evaluated in the Technical Validation Study, and patients also co-designed the visualisations used to communicate results back to participants and clinicians. Alison Keogh, who led much of this work in Mobilise-D, continues to lead patient and public involvement at Enoda.
A clinic visit gives a snapshot, often a single fifteen-minute appointment a year, and it measures what someone can do under instruction in a controlled setting. That is gait capacity. What matters in daily life is gait performance: what someone actually does at home, at work, and out in their community.
Continuous real-world monitoring can capture hundreds of walking bouts across a week, and can give clinicians and trial sponsors a far richer picture of how a treatment or condition is affecting a person’s life. Furthermore, walking is a meaningful indicator of health, independence and daily function. Research from Delgado-Ortiz et al. (2023) emphasises that walking reflects physical, emotional, mental and social experiences, and should be understood from the perspective of people living with mobility-impairing conditions.